Sunday, 14 August 2011
The Sun / Matahari / Seng nGey nGey
The Sun
The Sun is the largest object and contains approximately 99.8% of the total of the mass of the Solar System.
Characteristics of the Sun
Age : 4.5 billion years
Shape : Spherical
Diameter : 1 390 000 km
Mass : 1.989 x 1034 kg
Mean density : 1.410 gm/cm^3
Gravity : 28 x gravity on Earth
Mean surface temperature : 6 000°C
Principal chemistry
Hydrogen : 70 %
Helium : 28%
All others : 2%
Structure of the Sun
The Sun atmosphere has several layers
Photosphere
The photosphere is the compact layer of gas seen to be shining with yellow light from earth
This layer is responsible for radiating heat and light from the Sun
It temperature is approximately 6 000°C
Chromosphere
The chromosphere is an irregular layer lies above the photosphere
It temperature rises from 10 000 °C and 500 000°C
It reddish can be seen during a total solar eclipse
Corona
The corona is the outer layer of the Sun
It extends far out into space and is very hot
It temperature is about 1.5 million °C
Phenomena on the Sun’s surface and their effects
Sunspots
Sunspots is a dark and cool regions that appear on the photosphere
Prominences
Prominences are huge clouds of gases which rise from chromosphere
It can last two to three months
It can extend approximately 50 000 km above the sun’s surface
Solar flare
Solar flares are tremendous explosions on the surface of the Sun
Solar flares directly affect the ionosphere and radio communication on Earth
Refresh Refresh
The Sun warms our planet, provides the light to and also necessary for
life on earth
The Sun is 150 million km far away from Earth
Sunspots always appear in pairs
Prominences are usually associated with sunspots activity
Solar flares can cause electrical power outages and damaged
communication satellites
Aurora is the phenomenon that cause the sky near the poles to become
colorful
Solar wind is a constant flow of plasma expanding from the corona
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Sc F3 Chapter 9
The Milky Way
The Universe
The Universe contains all of the galaxies, stars and planets
The exact size of the Universe is unknown
The Milky Way
The Milky Way is the galaxy which is the home of our solar system
Our solar system is thus situated within the outer regions of this galaxy
The Milky Way contains about 200 billion stars
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Sc F3 Chapter 9
Galaxies /Galaksi
Galaxies
A galaxy is made of billions of stars, dust and gas all held together by gravity
Galaxies are scattered throughout the universe and they are vary in size
Galaxies can be classified according to their appearance and shape.
Spiral
Spiral galaxies usually is shaped like a disk that tends to
resemble a whirlpool or pinwheel
It contains a lot of dark dust clouds and young star cluster
Elliptical
Elliptical galaxies are actually of ellipsoidal shape
Normally, elliptical galaxies contain very little gas, dust and older stars
Irregular
Irregular galaxies has an undefined shape
It is full of dust, gas and young star
A galaxy is made of billions of stars, dust and gas all held together by gravity
Galaxies are scattered throughout the universe and they are vary in size
Galaxies can be classified according to their appearance and shape.
Spiral
Spiral galaxies usually is shaped like a disk that tends to
resemble a whirlpool or pinwheel
It contains a lot of dark dust clouds and young star cluster
Elliptical
Elliptical galaxies are actually of ellipsoidal shape
Normally, elliptical galaxies contain very little gas, dust and older stars
Irregular
Irregular galaxies has an undefined shape
It is full of dust, gas and young star
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Sc F3 Chapter 9
Monday, 1 August 2011
9.4 Bintang Dan Buruj / Stars and constellations
BURUJ adalah sekumpulan BINTANG yang membentuk corak tertentu di langit.
Apabila garis-gsris gambaran dilukis untuk menyambungkan sekumpulan bintang tertentu, yang cerah dilangit, corak-corak tertentu terhasil.
Buruj BIDUK (URSA MAJOR) di Kutub Utara dan Buruj PARI (SOUTHERN CROSS)di Kutub Selatan merupkan sekumpulan bintang yang cerah dan dapat dilihat sepanjang tahun.
Pada zaman dahulu, buruj digunakan sebagai KOMPAS dan KALENDAR
Stars and constellations
The SUN is the closest star to the Earth.
The distance between the stars and the Earth is measured in light years.
The hottest stars are blue in colour while the coolest stars are red.
A STAR is a natural object in the outer space that gives out heat and light.
Sirius and Rigel are examples of bright stars in the sky.
A star produces energy through nuclear reactions.
A constellation is a group of stars that forms a specifi c pattern in the sky.
Bintang Dan Buruj
MATAHARI ialah bintang yang paling hampir dengan Bumi.
Jarak bintang dari Bumi diukur dalam unit Tahun Cahaya.
Bintang yang paling panas berwarna BIRU manakala bintang yang paling sejuk
berwarna MERAH .
BINTANG ialah objek semula jadi di angkasa lepas yang membebaskan tenaga haba dan
cahaya.
Sirius dan Rigel ialah contoh bintang yang CERAH di langit.
Bintang menghasilkan tenaga melalui Tindakbalas Nuklear.
BURUJ ialah sekumpulan bintang yang membentuk corak tertentu di langit
Pada zaman dahulu, buruj digunakan sebagai KOMPAS dan KALENDAR
Buruj Biduk Arah UTARA / Ursa Major NORTH
Buruj Pari Arah Selatan / Southen Cross
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Sc F3 Chapter 9
9.5 Comparing stars based on temperature and size/ Perbandingan bintang berdasarkan suhu dan saiz
The colour of a star depends on its Temperature.
A star with a low temperature or which is the coolest is in RED colour.
The hottest stars are in BLUE colour.
Warna bintang bergantung pada SUHUNYA.
Bintang yang mempunyai suhu yang sangat rendah atau paling sejuk berwarna MERAH.
Bintang yang paling panas berwarna BIRU.
Warna bintang Suhu permukaan (°C)
Biru 40 000
Biru keputihan 10 000
Kuning 6 000
Merah 3 000
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Sc F3 Chapter 9
9.6 The Birth of Star / Kelahiran Bintang
The Birth of Star
Gases in a nebula are pulled by strong forces of gravity.
A core that is very hot and dense is formed. The core becomes hotter until hydrogen atoms fuse to form helium atoms. Nuclear reactions take place. A lot of heat and light energy is released. A star is formed
Kelahiran Bintang
Gas-gas dalam Nabula ditarik oleh daya tarikan graviti
yang kuat. Teras yang sangat panas dan padat akan terbentuk.
Teras menjadi semakin panas sehingga atom hidrogen berpadu
membentuk atom helium. Tindak balas nuklear berlaku.
Banyak tenaga haba dan cahaya dibebaskan. Bintang dilahirkan.
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Sc F3 Chapter 9
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